A complete guide to types of sails

From dinghies to yachts, there are many different boats out on the water, and numerous types of sails too. Whether you’re new to sailing or are trying to gain a deeper understanding of how different sails work, this guide will help you to expand on your existing knowledge.

Here, we share information about eight different types of sails, their main features, and why each one is important to sailors.

What do boat sails do?

Boat sails perform a range of functions, with different types of sails designed for specific wind conditions and points of sail. For example, mainsails are large and produce much of a boat’s driving force, while spinnakers are used for downwind sailing in light winds.

Some of the main functions of boat sails include:

• using wind energy to move the vessel
• enabling a boat to travel upwind
• helping with stability and manoeuvrability
• boosting speed in light winds
• ensuring a boat can be handled by the crew in stormy weather

Not all sailing boats and yachts will have every type of sail, and some are more suitable for either cruising or racing. Understanding what each type of boat sail does will ensure you have the information you need for a safe and enjoyable sailing experience.

Types of boat sails

From the large and instantly recognisable mainsail to the smaller, lesser-known trysail, boat sail knowledge is vital for anyone looking to set off on a sailing adventure. Whether you’re heading out on a luxurious yacht ride or racing in a competition, the sails your boat has will have a noticeable impact on your experience. Discover eight important types of sails and what they do.

1. Mainsail

As its name suggests, the mainsail is a boat’s primary sail and typically produces most of the driving force. It is positioned on the main mast and often connected to a boom which can be moved to achieve the optimal wind angle. And while there are different types of mainsails available, they all perform the same basic function. A mainsail may have battens that work to maintain the shape of the sail and enhance its performance.

2. Headsails

A headsail is a sail that sits forward of the mast. The function of a headsail is to help with speed, power, stability, and manoeuvrability while sailing. There are numerous types of headsails, with jibs and genoas being the most common. A jib is a triangular sail that doesn’t overlap the mast while a genoa, generally found on larger boats, does overlap the mast. Genoas are typically used when sailing downwind, whereas jibs are useful when sailing upwind.

3. Spinnaker

Spinnaker sails are large, often colourful, and fill up with air like a balloon which gives them a fun, eye-catching aesthetic. While they are perfect for use in light to moderate wind conditions, these sails must be handled with care due to their large size. They also shouldn’t be used in rough conditions. There are a few different types of spinnakers available, including symmetrical spinnakers which require a spinnaker pole, and an unsymmetrical spinnaker which can be used without a spinnaker pole and is extremely versatile.

4. Gennaker

A gennaker is a specialty sail that combines features of genoa and spinnaker sails. It’s asymmetric in design meaning it can be used without a spinnaker pole and is a versatile option suitable for moderate to high winds and ideal for both cruising and racing. Gennaker sails are typically easier to use than symmetrical spinnakers, making them a popular option for sailing enthusiasts.

5. Code zero and windseeker sails

A code zero sail is a downwind sail that's designed for close reaching in light air. Cleverly blending features of genoas and asymmetrical spinnakers, code zero sails are easy to use and help to enhance speed when the boat’s other sails aren’t producing enough power. These sails have a flat shape and an almost straight luff.

A windseeker sail is another sail used in very gentle wind conditions and helps the crew to move the boat when the wind is barely blowing through creating a smooth flow of air. This type of boat sail is small, narrow, freestanding, and particularly useful for long-distance trips.

6. Drifter

A drifter is a lightweight sail that helps sailing boats move in very gentle winds. It’s large in size and has a full shape, making it perfect for capturing even the lightest of breezes. Drifters are a more affordable option when compared to other types of specialised sails due to their limited range of use, and they are easier to use than a cruising spinnaker.

7. Trysail

A trysail is a small, triangular sail used during stormy conditions when using the mainsail becomes too challenging for the crew. They are strong and durable, and help sailors to maintain control of the boat in strong winds. They also work to prevent the vessel from being blown downwind. These sails are hoisted on a separate track on the mast, sheeted independently of the boom, and have a pennant which enables them to be set at the optimal angle.

8. Storm jib

Similar to a trysail, a storm jib is used during high winds when larger sails become difficult to manage. These sails boast specific features that make them strong and durable, including multiple rows of stitching and reinforced corners. Storm jibs are a must-have for sailing boats as they help to prevent them from capsizing during extreme weather conditions.

Yacht sails

Although they’re often more luxurious than other types of sailboats, yachts use the same sails as other sailing vessels. This includes a mainsail to generate power, a headsail (such as a jib or genoa), and a storm jib for use during strong winds. They can also have spinnaker, gennaker, and code zero sails for the different uses outlined above.

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After reading our guide and getting a better insight into the importance of boat sails, you may want to consider specialist boat insurance to protect your boat from accidental damage, theft or accidents. Get a free online quote today.